The New York Times, July 15, 2020

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Early in the Covid-19 pandemic, researchers found preliminary evidence suggesting that people’s blood type might be an important risk factor — both for being infected by the virus and for falling dangerously ill.

But over the past few months, after looking at thousands of additional patients with Covid-19, scientists are reporting a much weaker link to blood type.

Two studies — one at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the other at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York — did not find that Type A blood increases the odds that people will be infected with Covid-19.

Continue reading “Covid-19 Risk Doesn’t Depend (Much) on Blood Type, New Studies Find”

The New York Times, July 8, 2020

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About 3,000 years ago, people on the eastern edge of Asia began sailing east, crossing thousands of miles of ocean to reach uninhabited islands. Their descendants, some 2,000 years later, invented the double-hulled canoe to travel even farther east, reaching places like Hawaii and Rapa Nui.

Archaeologists and anthropologists have long debated: Just how far did the Polynesians’ canoes take them? Did they make it all the way to the Americas?

Continue reading “Some Polynesians Carry DNA of Ancient Native Americans, New Study Finds”

The New York Times, July 4, 2020

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A stretch of DNA linked to Covid-19 was passed down from Neanderthals 60,000 years ago, according to a new study.

Scientists don’t yet know why this particular segment increases the risk of severe illness from the coronavirus. But the new findings, which were posted online on Friday and have not yet been published in a scientific journal, show how some clues to modern health stem from ancient history.

“This interbreeding effect that happened 60,000 years ago is still having an impact today,” said Joshua Akey, a geneticist at Princeton University who was not involved in the new study.

Continue reading “DNA Inherited From Neanderthals May Increase Risk of Covid-19”

The pandemic continues, but let me kick off this edition of Friday’s Elk by sharing some personal good news. My next book has a cover!


One of the long-running threads in my career as a writer has been a fascination about the fundamental nature of life. What does it mean to be alive? Is there even such a thing as life? Each of us knows what life is from the inside, but how can we turn that intuition into science? For my new book, Life’s Edge, I explored the border zones of life, where it becomes clear how much we have to learn. The book features Covid-19, tardigrades on the moon, hungry pythons, and much more.

The book won’t be coming out till March 2021. But you can already pre-order your copy. (There’s also an audio book available for pre-order.)

I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again: pre-ordering a book is one of the best ways to support an author. You’re not just buying a copy of the book itself. Lots of people in the book world keep tabs on pre-order numbers. Good numbers build buzz, and buzz will draw more attention to a book when it publishes.

Right now, March 2021 feels like centuries hence. Let’s hope that it’s an improvement on July 2020, when more than 128,000 people have died of Covid-19 in the United States alone. Here in the northeastern United States we are currently experiencing unsettling calm. Connecticut reached a peak of Covid-19 cases in April, with 2,109 people testing positive in just one day. But then the cases started to gradually fall. On July 3 Connecticut only had 71 new cases. So far, 4,326 people have died in our state, but over the past week the daily death count hasn’t risen above the single digits.

Elsewhere in this country, however, the virus is raging. In Arizona, California, Florida, and Texas–places that seemed to dodge the northeast’s devastation–new cases are climbing steeply every day. The climb far outstrips the increase in testing, indicating that this is a real outbreak and not a statistical artifact. The rise in hospitalizations tells the same heart-breaking story.

This surge has not yet led to a surge in deaths; in fact the daily death rate across the country has fallen from over 2,300 in April to 722 on July 2. That may be the result of younger people getting infected these days while older people–who are more likely to die–are taking better precautions. It may also be the result of American hospitals getting better at fighting this new virus, using new combinations of drugs and abandoning old treatments that worked for more familiar diseases. But another factor is the lag of several weeks between surges in cases and surges in deaths. It can take a while for this virus to kill. And so the death rate will almost certainly rise again this month.

Even if it doesn’t, that’s hardly cause for wild celebrations. Europe has crushed its curve, while we have failed. Tens of thousands of deaths so far were almost certainly preventable. And it’s also becoming clear that surviving Covid-19 is not like bouncing back from a cold. For some people, it leaves enduring damage, whether lung scars, heart damage, strokes, enduring fatigue, or diabetes. Since we’re only a few months into this pandemic we don’t yet understand extent of these impacts, but it would be grotesque to sweep them away in false optimism.

Right now, I worry that peaceful places like Connecticut are getting complacent. This virus can be particularly devious, spreading even before people show symptoms. And one infected person can, in the right place, infect dozens of others. Last week I wrote about what scientists are learning about these superspreading events, and how we might use that knowledge to fight the virus without having to go into blanket lockdowns.

On a brighter note, I worked with some of my Times colleagues this month to track the many efforts going on worldwide to make a vaccine for Covid-19. We started with 20 projects–all the clinical trials that had already started, plus some of the promising efforts that have not yet led to tests on people. Less than a month has passed since the tracker launched, but we’ve added ten more vaccines now in clinical trials, including ones being tested in Japan, India, and other countries. We will keep updating it with progress (and failure) until this race is done.

Finally, here’s a video of a conversation I had recently with Scientific American editor-in-chief Laura Helmuth about science writing in the age of Covid-19. I hope you enjoy it. Someday I look forward to giving talks in person, but Zoom will have to do for now.

That’s all for now. Stay safe!

My award-winning book, She Has Her Mother’s Laugh, is available in paperback. You can order it now from fine book mongers, including AmazonBarnes and NobleBAMHudson Booksellers, and IndieBound.

You can find information and ordering links for my 13 books here. You can also follow me on TwitterFacebookGoodreads, and LinkedIn. If someone forwarded this email to you, you can subscribe to it here.

Best wishes, Carl

Originally published July 3, 2020. Copyright 2020 Carl Zimmer.

The New York Times, June 30, 2020

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Following a birthday party in Texas on May 30, one man reportedly infected 17 members of his family with the coronavirus.

Reading reports like these, you might think of the virus as a wildfire, instantly setting off epidemics wherever it goes. But other reports tell another story altogether.

In Italy, for example, scientists looked at stored samples of wastewater for the earliest trace of the virus. Last week they reported that the virus was in Turin and Milan as early as Dec. 18. But two months would pass before northern Italy’s hospitals began filling with victims of Covid-19. So those December viruses seem to have petered out.

Continue reading “Most People With Coronavirus Won’t Spread It. Why Do a Few Infect Many?”