We’re made of parts. Our skull is distinct from our spine. Our liver does not grade subtly into our intestines. Of course, the parts have to be connected for us to work as a whole: a skull completely separated from a spine is not much good to anyone. But those connections between the parts are relatively few. Our liver is linked to the intestines, but only by a few ducts. That’s a far cry from the intimate bonds between all the cells that make up the liver itself, not to mention the membrane that wraps around it like an astronaut’s suit. The distinctness of the parts of our bodies is reflected in what they do. In the liver, all sorts of biochemical reactions take place that occur nowhere else. Our skull protects our brain and chews our food–jobs carried out by no other part of our body.
Biologists like to call these parts modules, and they call the “partness” of our bodies modularity. It turns out that we are deeply modular. Our brain, for example, is made up of 86 billion neurons linked together by perhaps 100 trillion connections. But they’re not linked randomly. A neuron is typically part of a dense network of neighboring neurons. Some of the neurons in this module extend links to other modules, creating bigger modules. The brain can link its modules together in different networks to carry out different kinds of thought.
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