PHYLLOSTACHYS BAMBUSOIDES, A SPECIES OF BAMBOO WITH A 120-YEAR FLOWERING CYCLE. PHOTO BY EMMANUEL LATTES, ALAMY

In the late 1960s, a species of bamboo called Phyllostachys bambusoides–commonly known as the Chinese Mainland Bamboo or Japanese Timber Bamboo–burst into flower. The species originated in China, was introduced to Japan, and later into the United States and other countries. And when I say it flowered, I mean it flowered everywhere. Forests of the plant burst into bloom in synchrony, despite being separated by thousands of miles. If, like me, you missed it, you will probably not live to see it happen again. The flowers released pollen into the wind, and the fertilized plants then produced seeds that fell to the ground. The magnificent bamboo plants, which can grow 72 feet tall, then all promptly died. Their seeds later sprouted and sent up new plants. The new generation is now close to fifty years old and has yet to grow a single flower. They won’t flower till about 2090.

Continue reading “Bamboo Mathematicians”

The New York Times, May 12, 2015

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Birds evolved from dinosaurs 150 million years ago, a slow but thorough transformation. Their bodies gained aerodynamic feathers, their digits fused into wings, and they acquired a beak used to gather food.

We can see some details of this evolutionary marvel in the fossil record. Yet even the most exquisitely preserved fossil can’t tell us which pieces of DNA had to change in order to turn ground-running dinosaurs into modern birds.

Some researchers are now trying to pinpoint those genetic changes with experiments on chicken embryos. If the scientists succeed, they should eventually be able to reverse the evolution of birds — and then they may be able to engineer animals more at home in “Jurassic Park” than in a henhouse.

Continue reading “Reverse Engineering Birds’ Beaks Into Dinosaur Bones”

PHOTO BY THOMAS HAWK VIA CREATIVE COMMONS

We know they evolved from dinosaurs about 150 million years ago, but it remains to be discovered precisely how the DNA of ground-running dinosaurs changed–a transformation that turned arms into wings, produced aerodynamic feathers, and created a beak. It’s possible that some clues to those genetic changes can be found in living birds themselves. By blocking some of the recently evolved steps in the development of bird embryos, we might be able to get birds to grow some dinosaur anatomy.

Continue reading “Can Scientists Turn Birds Back Into Dinosaur Ancestors?”

The New York Times, May 6, 2015

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Unlike bacteria, humans have big, complex cells, packed with nuclei containing DNA and mitochondria that produce energy. All so-called eukaryotes share our cellular complexity: animals, plants, fungi, even single-celled protozoans like amoebae.

Scientists estimate that the first eukaryotes evolved about 2 billion years ago, in one of the greatest transitions in the history of life. But there is little evidence of this momentous event, no missing link that helps researchers trace the evolution of life from simple microbes to eukaryotes.

Continue reading “Under the Sea, a Missing Link in the Evolution of Complex Cells”

The New York Times, April 30, 2015

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Climate change could drive to extinction as many as one in six animal and plant species, according to a new analysis.

In a study published Thursday in the journal Science, Mark Urban, an ecologist at the University of Connecticut, also found that as the planet warms in the future, species will disappear at an accelerating rate.

“We have the choice,” he said in an interview. “The world can decide where on that curve they want the future Earth to be.”

Continue reading “Study Finds Climate Change as Threat to 1 in 6 Species”