Fulva3n-300Dr. Eleanor's Book of Common Ants.
Text by Eleanor Spicer Rice. Photographs by Alex Wild. Available at The School of Ants. iPad or pdf. Free.

Reviewed by Carl Zimmer

Many plants grow a thick coat around their seeds. The coat, called an elaiosome, doesn't do the seed any good, at least directly. Its immediate job is to attract an insect known as the winnow ant. (The photo here shows winnow ants discovering blood root seeds.) The eliaosome releases fragrant odors that lure the ants, which carry the seed into their nest. There they gnaw away at the coating but spare the seed. The ants then carry the shucked seedback out to the forest floor, where it germinates.

The winnow ants thus act like gardeners, protecting the seeds from predators that would destroy the seeds, while also spreading them far from their parent plant. Remove winnow ants from a forest, and its populations of wildflowers will shrink.

As a resident of the northeastern United States, I always assume that all the magnificent examples of coevolution must be going on somewhere else. The jungles of Ecuador, the Mountains of the Moon–these are the places where nature-film producers go to find species exquisitely adapted to each other. This, of course, just belies my far-less-than-complete education in natural history. While reading Dr. Eleanor's Book of Common Ants, I discovered that winnow ants are abundant in New England, along with the rest of the eastern United States. The next time I am out on a walk in the local woods, I'm going to keep an eye out for these elegant little insects.

Dr. Eleanor's Book of Common Ants is itself an elegant little book–and an instructive example of how ebooks can become a tool in the growing citizen science movement. "Citizen science" typically refers to research that relies not just on a handful of Ph.D. researchers, but also on a large-scale network of members of the public. Birders have been doing citizen science for over a century, and now the Internet enables people to collaborate on many other projects, from mapping neurons in the eye to folding proteins to recognizing galaxies. Many of these projects yield solid scientific results (see this paper in Nature, with over 57,000 co-authors as an example). They also provide a new way for research to draw non-scientists into their world.

Continue reading “Rejoicing In Ants With A Citizen Science Ebook”

 


Math62Minds of Modern Mathematics
. IBM/Eames Office. For iPad. Free download.

Reviewed by Jennifer Ouellette

Visitors to the New York Hall of Science in Queens can browse through an impressive installation called "Mathematica: A World of Numbers… and Beyond." Now that exhibit has a digital equivalent in Minds of Modern Mathematics, a new interactive iPad app from IBM/Eames Office released last year.

The original installation dates back to 1961, when the California Museum of Science and Industry opened in Los Angeles, and asked IBM to contribute an exhibit. IBM tapped designer Charles Eames and his wife Ray Eames — inventors of the classic "Eames chair" among other items — and the result was "Mathematica."

A duplicate exhibit was made for the Museum of Science and Industry later in 1961, which has since been sold to Boston's Museum of Science as a permanent display (a QuickTime VR can be found here). And in 1964, another copy of the exhibit debuted at the New York World's Fair.

This new iPad app is based on a timeline poster produced in 1966 that grew out of the original "Mathematica" exhibit, featuring the men of modern mathematics from 1000 AD through 1960. So it's got quite an esteemed pedigree. Unfortunately, the end result is disappointing. The original was hugely popular, inspiring the public to embrace math and science; the strongest emotion elicited by the iPad version is a muted "Meh" — at least in this reader.

It is not without its merits. There are over 500 very short biographies and milestones included in the timeline, complete with colorful images. But it would have been nice to extend and update the original timeline beyond 1960, and maybe include a few more women so that poor Emmy Noether has some company. Yes, men have dominated the field, but it need not be such an unrelenting sausage fest. Where is Sophie Germain? Maria Gaetana Agnesi? Sophia Kovaleskaya (a.ka. Sonia Kovalevsky)?

The best feature of the iPad app is the inclusion of the IBM Math Peep Shows, a series of short films created by the Eames for the original exhibit on such topics as symmetry, topology, exponents, the story of how Eratosthenes measured the Earth, and mathematical functions:

 

 

I embedded that video from YouTube. And therein lies the biggest shortcoming of Minds of Modern Mathematics: everything on it is pretty much publically available in this digital age — the biographies are little more than brief paragraphs with links to Wikipedia entries, which is the epitome of laziness.

Seriously: would it have killed IBM to at least commission some original copy to really bring the stories and personalities alive? How about designing a few interactive functions to enable users to get their hands dirty, virtually speaking, and explore some of the cooler aspects of the world of math that way? The Eames videos are charming, but they're still passive. Math, like physics, is more of a contact sport.

This is a real shame, because Minds of Modern Mathematics is touted as a tribute to the creative and intellectual legacy of Charles and Ray Eames, who embodied the spirit of innovation. They deserve something more than a slick repackaging of old material.

Then again, the app is free. I guess you get what you pay for.

 Image: IBM's Mathematica exhibit at the 1964 World's Fair. Credit: IBM.

 

ThumbnailJennifer Ouellette is the author of several popular science books, most recently The Calculus Diaries: How Math Can Help You Lose Weight, Win in Vegas, and Survive a Zombie Apocalypse and the forthcoming Me, Myself and Why: Searching for the Science of Self. She also blogs at Cocktail Party Physics. Follow her on Twitter.

 

Screen shot 2013-03-15 at 2.33.01 PMSound Uncovered by The Exploratorium. iPad (iOS6 required), Free.

When I go to science museums, I like to press the buttons. I'm convinced this is a special joy that you just do not grow out of. Hit the button. See something cool happen. Feel the little reward centers of your brain dance the watusi. 

But, as a curmudgeonly grown-up, I also often feel like there is something missing from this experience. There have definitely been times when I've had my button-pushing fun and gotten a few yards away from the exhibit before I've had to stop and think, "Wait, did I just learn anything?"

Science museums are chaotic. They're loud. They're usually full of small children. Your brain is pulled in multiple directions by sights, sounds, and the knowledge that there are about 15 people behind you, all waiting for their turn to press the button, too. In fact, research has shown that adults often avoid science museums (and assume those places aren't "for them") precisely because of those factors

Sound Uncovered is an interactive ebook published by The Exploratorium, the granddaddy of modern science museums. Really more of an app, it's a series of 12 modules that allow you to play with auditory illusions and unfamiliar sounds as you learn about how the human brain interprets what it hears, and how those ear-brain interactions are used for everything from selling cars to making music. It's part of a series that also includes Color Uncovered

The app is basically a portable Exploratorium. It would be very simple to convert everything in here (from games to text) into a meatspace exhibit. And that's a good thing. There are some big benefits to having access to your own, private museum. A) You get to press the buttons as many times as you want. B) You actually have the time and the headspace necessary to explore the text and learn the things the button-pressing is supposed to teach you. 

For instance, one module features a psuedo vintage tape deck that allows you to record yourself speaking, and then play the recording both normally, and in reverse. You're particularly encouraged to try recording palindromes—words and phrases that are spelled the same backwards and forwards. You might think that palindromes would also sound the same backwards and forwards, but you'd be wrong. The phrase "too bad I hid a boot", for instance, sounds more like garbled Japanese when it's played backwards. 

Having this all to yourself on an iPad means that you can spend a lot of time being silly (examples of recordings made by this reviewer include palindromes in different accents, "Hail Satan", and multiple swear words) while easily jumping back and forth between the interactive diversion and the explanations of how it works and how it fits into modern society. I can even imagine kids playing with the toy part of this for a while before finally stumbling upon the embedded text and having their games suddenly illuminated with meaning. That's pretty cool. In a museum setting, I've watched plenty of kids muck around with the button pressing and then run off before they ever have a chance to learn that phonemes are distinct units of sound or that backward speech doesn't just reverse the order of the phonemes, but reverses the phonemes themselves. Sound doesn't have palindromes. 

The other benefit here is that Sound Uncovered eliminates the need for the role of Boring Adult — the person charged with the futile task of reading the explanatory text out loud to a gaggle of button-pressing children who really do not care about that right now. In doing so, it frees adults to actually have fun and learn something, too. If you don't have to be the education enforcer, and can trust that your kids will discover the explanations as they play with the app over time, then you're able to actually engage in play yourself —both with your kids and without them. The portable museum is a place for kids, and it's a place for adults, too. 

That said, I think an adult on their own would probably burn through this pretty quickly. I got most of what I'm going to get out of it on a three-hour plane flight. But it's also free, so it's not like you're out a lot of money for a small amount of information. In general, I'd say Sound Uncovered is a good example of how the digital format can be used to improve science communication in ways that aren't easily possible in the real world.

 

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Maggie Koerth-Baker is the science editor at BoingBoing.net, the science columnist at The New York Times Magazine, and the author of  Before the Lights Go Out.